In accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in relation to certain types of activities and actions (operations), a permissive or notification procedure is established, i.e. certain activities require a permit or notification. According to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Permits and Notifications", a permitting or notification procedure is introduced depending on the level of danger of activities or actions (operations) to be carried out and is divided into the following levels:
- permits of the first category - licenses that are introduced in relation to types (subtypes) of activities or actions (operations) associated with a high level of danger;
- permits of the second category - all permits, which are not licenses, which are introduced in relation to types (subtypes) of activities or actions (operations) associated with an average level of danger;
- notifications are introduced for activities or activities associated with a low level of hazard, but requiring government agencies to receive information about the beginning or termination of such activities or activities.
The hazard levels of the activity or actions (operations) are established based on the analysis of the regulatory impact.
For the beginning and subsequent implementation of certain types of activities or actions (operations), individuals and legal entities must have a valid permit or send a notification to the state bodies that receive notifications in the manner prescribed by law. The implementation by individuals and legal entities of activities or actions (operations), for which the legislation has established a permitting or notification procedure, without obtaining the appropriate permission or without sending the appropriate notification is not allowed.
On January 1, 2021, the Law on Permits and Notifications was amended on the basis of the Law on Economic Growth Recovery. The amendments made it possible to obtain a license for the provision of financial services by a branch of a foreign legal entity.
In accordance with the law "On Permits and Notifications", a license is a permit of the first category issued by a licensor to an individual or legal entity, as well as to a branch of a foreign legal entity, the subject of which is the provision of financial services, to carry out a licensed type of activity or a subtype of a licensed type of activity related with a high level of danger.
The issuance of permits is carried out on an equal basis and on equal terms for all persons who meet the qualification or permitting requirements.
Permission classes
Depending on the objects of regulation, permits are divided into the following classes:
1) class 1 - permits issued for activities;
2) class 2 - permits issued for objects;
3) class 3 - one-time permits;
4) class 4 - permits issued for activities with limited resources or using quotas;
5) class 5 - permits issued for professional activities to individuals;
6) class 6 - product permits.
License means a permit of the first category issued by the licensor to an individual or legal entity, as well as to a branch of a foreign legal entity, the subject of which is the provision of financial services, to carry out a licensed type of activity or a subtype of a licensed type of activity associated with a high level of danger.
Certain types of activities or actions (operations) in the following areas are subject to licensing:
1) television and radio broadcasting;
2) protection and use of objects of historical and cultural heritage;
3) education;
4) architecture, urban planning and construction;
5) hydrocarbons;
6) industry;
7) informatization and communication;
8) circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors;
9) health care;
10) the use of atomic energy;
11) ensuring information security;
12) special technical means intended for carrying out operational-search measures;
13) circulation of weapons, military equipment and certain types of weapons, explosives and products with their use;
14) circulation of toxic substances;
15) manufacturing of state symbols of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
16) production and circulation of ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages, production of tobacco products;
17) commodity exchanges;
18) export and import;
19) the financial sector and activities related to the concentration of financial resources;
20) the use of outer space;
21) gambling business;
22) veterinary medicine;
23) agriculture;
24) transport;
25) forensic expertise, including forensic medical, forensic narcological and forensic psychiatric examinations;
26) services for individuals and legal entities.
Peculiarities of submission of documents for issuance of a permit and (or) annex to it by foreign legal entities
Foreign legal entities pay fees or fees charged in the implementation of licensing or licensing procedures on their own, provided they receive their own business identification number or through branches and (or) representative offices of these legal entities registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan, subject to the authority of the heads of branches and (or) representative offices and using the details and business identification numbers of such branches and (or) representative offices.
A complete list of activities subject to licensing and the amount of license fees, as well as a list of second category permits and a list of notifications are specified in the Law “On Permits and Notifications”.
Licensing and sending notifications are carried out in electronic form using the state information system of permits and notifications and the state electronic register of permits and notifications.
Licensing procedures are carried out in electronic form using the state information system of permits and notifications and the state electronic register of permits and notifications, taking into account the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 52 of the Law "On Permits and Notifications".
Permits issued in electronic form are equivalent to paper permits.
The licensing authorities are obliged to include in the state electronic register of permits and notifications information on the licensing procedures carried out in paper form simultaneously with the implementation of the licensing procedure.
To obtain a permit through the State Corporation, the applicant has the right to apply to the State Corporation regardless of its location, with the exception of permits in the financial sector and for activities related to the concentration of financial resources.
If the applicant applies for the permitting procedure through the State Corporation, the employee of the State Corporation certifies an electronic application or other similar document with his electronic digital signature issued for use for official purposes. Such certification is carried out on the basis of the written consent of the applicant.
If the applicant applies for a permit and (or) an annex to a permit on paper, the permit and (or) annex to the permit are issued in electronic form, printed and certified with the seal of the permitting authority and the signature of the head of the permitting authority.
A permit and (or) annex to a permit shall be issued on paper if it is not possible to issue a permit and (or) an annex to a permit in electronic form.
In the case of submitting an application in electronic form through the state information system of permits and notifications, the registration of the application by the licensor and the body authorized to issue a permit of the second category is carried out within one working day.
Licenses are issued at the location of the licensor.
If the licensors are local executive bodies or territorial bodies of the central state body, the license and (or) annex to the license are issued:
1) at the place of registration of an individual or legal entity or a branch or representative office of a foreign legal entity, with the exception of licenses issued under the class "permits issued for objects", which are issued at the place of their activity;
2) a foreign legal entity that does not have a branch or representative office on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, at the place of its activities, except for cases when the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides otherwise.
3. To obtain a license and (or) an annex to a license, the applicant shall submit the following documents:
1) application;
2) for legal entities carrying out activities in the financial sector and activities related to the concentration of financial resources, as well as activities related to the circulation of civilian and service weapons and ammunition for them, activities related to the circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors, activities related to the implementation of security activities - a copy of the charter (notarized if the originals were not submitted for verification);
3) certificate of state registration (re-registration) of the legal entity of the applicant - for a legal entity;
4) a copy of an identity document - for an individual;
5) a copy of the document confirming the payment of the license fee for the right to engage in certain types of activities, except for cases of payment through the payment gateway of "electronic government";
6) documents confirming the applicant's compliance with the qualification requirements in the cases and in the manner established by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
New Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On technical regulation" dated December 30, 2020 No. 396-VI ЗРК ( entered into force on July 1, 2021) regulates public relations arising from the establishment and implementation of mandatory requirements for products, including buildings and structures related to the requirements for products, processes of design (including survey), production, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal, voluntary application of requirements for products, processes and services, conformity assessment and state control and supervision in the field of technical regulation, and also establishes the legal framework for the state system of technical regulation.
RSE "Kazakhstan Institute of Standardization and Certification" in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 5, 2018 " On standardization "is a national standardization body that implements state policy in the field of standardization and coordinates work on standardization and creation of conditions for the adoption of standards on the basis of consensus of all stakeholders.
The standards are applied on a voluntary basis and are developed by the business community, government agencies, technical committees for standardization.
Mandatory requirements for products are established in technical regulations, and methods and methods of production in standards.
National standards are approved by the KTRM. National standards are mandatory if the regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan contain instructions on this.
In order to meet the requirements of technical regulations, a list of standards is approved, as a result of which, on a voluntary basis, compliance with the requirements of technical regulations is ensured.
The rules for the accounting and application of international standards, standards of foreign states on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan were approved by Order of the Minister for Investment and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 12, 2018 No. 870.
Confirmation of the conformity of products and processes on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is mandatory or voluntary.
For the import and sale of products subject to mandatory confirmation of conformity, it is required to undergo conformity confirmation procedures and obtain a certificate of conformity or a declaration of conformity.
Products subject to mandatory confirmation of conformity are determined by technical regulations.
Conformity assessment rules, including the procedure for certification of products, services, processes, the procedure for registering a declaration of conformity, forms of documents on conformity assessment, the procedure for their execution, approved by the Order of the acting Minister of Trade and Integration of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 29, 2021 No. 433-NҚ.
To obtain a certificate of conformity / declaration of conformity, you must contact one of the conformity assessment bodies (OTC) registered in the register of accreditation entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan and in the field of accreditation of which there are one or another product. The register is posted on the official website of the National Accreditation Body of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The general safety declaration is also included in the conformity assessment documents. A declaration of general product safety is drawn up in relation to products that are not included in the Unified List of Products, in respect of which mandatory requirements are established within the framework of the Customs Union, approved by the decision of the Customs Union Commission (hereinafter - the Unified List), as well as products included in the Unified List, but in respect of which technical regulations have not been adopted or enacted.
Voluntary confirmation of the conformity of products, services, processes that are not subject to the requirements established by technical regulations is carried out at the initiative and requirements of the applicant and is carried out by an OPS on a contractual basis. Voluntary confirmation of compliance is carried out in the form of voluntary certification. Requirements for the procedure for conducting the procedure for voluntary confirmation of conformity and the assignment of conformity marks are established by national standards.
To release products into circulation, it is necessary to go through the conformity assessment procedures established by the EAEU TR (section "Evaluation (confirmation) of conformity").
The list of EAEU TRs is posted on the website of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC)
Uniform rules for registration of declarations of conformity were approved by the decision of the EEC Board dated March 20, 2018 No. 41.
To obtain a certificate of conformity / declaration of conformity, you must contact one of the OPS included in the Unified Register of OPS and IL of the Union, in the field of accreditation of which there is one or another product. Information can be obtained on the website www.nca.kz or www.eurasiancommission.org
Foreign and international organizations issuing documents in the field of confirmation of conformity of a foreign sample are entitled to carry out activities in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the notification of the authorized body on the commencement of activities in the manner established by The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan" On Permits and Notifications ".
Mandatory confirmation of compliance is carried out in the following forms:
1) acceptance by the manufacturer (executor) of the declaration of conformity;
2) compulsory certification.
The activities of insurance companies are regulated by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On insurance activities" dated December 18, 2000 No. 126.
The National Bank of Kazakhstan is a state body that ensures the development and implementation of the state's monetary policy, the functioning of payment systems, contributing to the stability of the financial system, carrying out currency regulation and currency control, statistical activities, as well as, within its competence, state regulation, control and supervision over financial market, financial organizations and other persons and in the field of financial legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
|
Insurance company |
Assets |
Zheke capital |
Insurance premiums |
|
Eurasia Insurance Company JSC |
347.8 |
209.0 |
79.3 |
|
Nomad Life CSR JSC |
222.1 |
28.1 |
54.3 |
|
Halyk-Life Life Insurance House Halyk Bank House of Culture JSC |
210.4 |
43.4 |
59.3 |
|
Halyk Insurance Company, a subsidiary of Halyk Bank of Kazakhstan JSC |
149.5 |
59.2 |
68.8 |
|
KazakhExport Export Insurance Company JSC |
130.6 |
114.3 |
2.0 |
|
Insurance Company "Victoria" |
99.8 |
92.5 |
1.7 |
|
Freedom Finance Life CSR JSC |
64.1 |
9.8 |
13.2 |
|
JSC "Standard life" CSR " |
45.6 |
5.2 |
14.2 |
|
Eurasia CSR JSC |
44.2 |
12.9 |
15.9 |
|
IC "Kazakhmys" JSC |
39.0 |
13.4 |
19.3 |
* 07/01/2021 w
|
|
01.07.2020 |
01.01.2021 |
01.07.2021 |
|
GDP, billion tenge |
71 445,1 |
70 714,1 |
71 419,0 |
|
Assets to GDP ratio,% |
1,93% |
2,10% |
2,34% |
|
Equity to GDP ratio, % |
0,86% |
0,94% |
0,98% |
|
Ratio of insurance premiums to GDP, % |
0,67% |
0,72% |
0,88% |
|
The ratio of insurance premiums per capita, in tenge |
25 866 |
27 082 |
32 995 |
* as of 01.07.2021
Source: Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Regulation and Development of the Financial Market
JSC "Export Insurance Company "KazakhExport" - a subsidiary of JSC "National Managing Holding "Baiterek" - is the only specialized insurance organization that performs the functions of an export credit agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
KazakhExport was established by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated May 12, 2003 No. 442 as one of the new development institutions, whose mission is to support the growth of exports of non-primary goods, works, services in priority sectors of the economy and the formation of the practice of financial, insurance and non-financial support of Kazakhstani enterprises.
Functions:
- assistance in promoting goods, works and services of the Republic of Kazakhstan to foreign markets;
- free consulting support in the field of pre-export and export operations;
- interaction with domestic, foreign and international organizations on the promotion of the export of goods, works and services and the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The Institute of the Investment Ombudsman was established in 2014 to improve the country's investment climate. The main task is to ensure the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of investors on issues arising in the course of investment activities, and to make recommendations for their resolution in out-of-court and pre-trial procedures.
The legal status of the Investment Ombudsman is enshrined in Art. 314-317 of the Entrepreneurial Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, activities are provided by the authorized investment body.
The activities of the Investment Ombudsman are regulated by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 26, 2015 No. 1069.
The Investment Ombudsman is an official appointed (determined) by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, who is entrusted with the functions of assisting in protecting the rights and legitimate interests of investors.
In accordance with the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 20, 2019 No. 216, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan was appointed the Investment Ombudsman.
The main functions of the Investment Ombudsman:
- consideration of investors' appeals on issues arising in the course of investment activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and making recommendations for their resolution, including by interacting with government bodies;
- assisting investors in resolving emerging issues in out-of-court and pre-trial procedures;
- development and submission to the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan of recommendations on improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan on investment activities.
The Investment Ombudsman holds meetings, consultations, protocol meetings with government agencies and organizations to resolve investor issues, hears the heads of interested government agencies and organizations or their deputies on the consideration of investors' appeals.
Before sending claims to the courts, state bodies inform the working body of the investment ombudsman about the initiation of legal proceedings.
The Investment Ombudsman, if the issues of investors cannot be resolved in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, develops and submits recommendations for improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Rights and obligations of the investment ombudsman
1. The Investment Ombudsman has the right to:
- to request and receive from state bodies and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, the information necessary for the consideration of applications, with the exception of information constituting a commercial secret;
- to an immediate reception by the heads and other officials of state bodies and organizations;
- hear the heads of interested state bodies and organizations or their deputies at the request of investors;
- other rights necessary for the implementation of the functions assigned to the investment ombudsman.
- take measures to ensure the observance and protection of the rights and legitimate interests of investors;
- consider, in the manner and terms established by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, applications of investors regarding actions (inaction) of officials, decisions of state bodies, other organizations and their officials, and also take the necessary measures on them;
- be objective and impartial when considering appeals;
- not to take any action that interferes with the exercise of the rights of the investor who applied for protection.
The Commissioner for the Protection of the Rights of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan (Business Ombudsman) is appointed by the order of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and is accountable only to the President.
The legal status of the Commissioner for the Protection of the Rights of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan is determined by Articles 307-317 of the Entrepreneurial Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The main functions of the Business Ombudsman include representing, ensuring, protecting the rights and legitimate interests of entrepreneurs and considering their appeals.
On February 24, 2020, by the order of the Head of State, Zhursunov Rustam Manarbekovich was appointed the Commissioner for the Protection of the Rights of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan.
The Business Ombudsman has the following powers:
- to submit to state bodies proposals for the protection of the rights of entrepreneurs, as well as recommendations for the suspension of by-laws;
- send to state bodies (officials), whose actions (inaction) have violated the rights and legitimate interests of business entities, recommendations on measures to restore violated rights, including bringing persons guilty of violating the rights and legitimate interests of business entities to account;
- in case of disagreement with the opinion of state bodies, he can send petitions to the prosecutor's office in order to further restore the violated rights of entrepreneurs;
- request from state bodies (officials) information, documents and materials affecting the rights and obligations of business entities, with the exception of information constituting state, commercial, banking and other secrets protected by law;
- apply to the court with a claim (statement) in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
- take other legal measures aimed at restoring violated rights and legitimate interests of business entities.
The Department of Legal Protection of Entrepreneurs operates in the structure of the NCE to deal with complaints. All Regional Chambers of Entrepreneurs have similar subdivisions - departments of legal protection of entrepreneurs, in which legal experts work.
The Department is a key subdivision in the structure of the NCE for the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of business entities and is part of the Office of the Ombudsman for the Protection of the Rights of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan.
The department is the secretariat of the Council for the Protection of the Rights of Entrepreneurs and Anti-Corruption, which considers systemic problems of business and, based on the results of its meetings, sends recommendations to central government bodies.
Among the working methods of the Council and the Department, interaction with the General Prosecutor's Office and the Anti-Corruption Agency is important. The full legal analysis of the entrepreneur on the part of the NPP, the conclusions and the expected consequences, together with reference to the relevant legislative norms, provide a detailed consideration by the prosecutor's office and departments of the Anti-Corruption Agency of a particular problem.
Also, experts of the Department provide legal assistance to entrepreneurs up to assistance in drafting statements of claim (reviews).
The Atameken Arbitration Center was created in 2014 in the form of a non-profit organization - a private institution for resolving disputes between organizations of all forms of ownership in order to help businessmen to quickly and without damage to their reputation resolve disputes, while significantly saving on legal costs (state duty for legal entities is 3% of the amount of the claim, in the arbitration center - 2%).
The Arbitration Center maintains a register of arbitrators, from which the parties can independently choose an arbitrator to resolve their dispute. Also, the parties have the opportunity to choose any other specialist who can act as an arbiter.
The rules of the Atameken Arbitration Center provide for the simplest procedure for considering a dispute. For example, a meeting can be conducted via video conferencing. At the same time, on most issues, the parties themselves can determine the procedure for resolving the dispute. Moreover, due to the less formalism in the consideration of the dispute, the party to the dispute can independently defend its arguments, excluding the costs of the services of a representative or a lawyer.
The parties to the disputes that were resolved in the Arbitration Center are Kazakhstani companies, as well as companies from Belarus, Spain, China, Latvia, Moldova, Poland, Russia, USA, Uzbekistan.
In order to create a legal basis for citizens and legal entities to choose a method for resolving a dispute that has arisen, including without contacting the relevant state bodies, as well as in order to streamline the activities of persons involved in resolving conflict situations (mediators), on January 28, 2011, the Law was adopted Of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On mediation".
Mediation is an out-of-court method of resolving disputes, chosen by the parties on a voluntary basis, in order to achieve certain goals. The law is intended to ensure the regulation of public relations, contains norms defining general provisions, securing:
- legal status of mediators and organizations providing mediation;
- procedure for mediation.
The mediation procedure for disputes (conflicts) with the participation of individuals and (or) legal entities, when one of the parties is a state body, is applied in cases stipulated by the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The mediation procedure is not applied in criminal cases of corruption offenses and other crimes against the interests of public service and public administration.
If, in the course of mediation, a settlement of the dispute between the parties is reached, a written agreement about this is drawn up, which is signed by the parties.
An agreement on the settlement of a dispute (conflict) is subject to voluntary execution by the parties to the mediation in the manner and terms stipulated by this agreement.
The Independent Court and the AIFC International Arbitration Center began their work in January 2018. The court hears commercial and civil disputes on the basis of the principles of English legal procedure in the official language of the AIFC - English.
Both institutions were created to resolve civil and commercial disputes arising both among the direct participants of the AIFC and any other persons who, for example, in writing, in a contract, prescribe a clause about going to the AIFC court or to the international arbitration center.
In accordance with the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Astana International Financial Center", the AIFC court has exclusive jurisdiction to consider disputes between the AIFC participants.
The President of the AIFC Court is Lord Harry Kenneth Wolfe. Lord Harry Kenneth Wolfe is an international arbitrator and mediator in financial law with extensive professional experience in the courts of England, Wales, Qatar and Hong Kong.
A legal advisory council has also been created at the AIFC, which includes representatives of such well-known international law firms as Baker McKenzie, Devonshires Solicitors, Hogan Lovells, Michelmores, Norton Rose Fulbright, White & Case, 3 Verulam Buildings.
The AIFC Court operates exclusively on the basis of law based on the principles of English law and the standards of leading international financial centers. More than 70% of all contracts in the world are concluded on the basis of English law. The rules and principles of the legal system of England and Wales help to create an attractive legal environment for investors, as well as create transparency in the resolution of disputes.
From July 1, 2021, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 102 of the Administrative Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 29, 2020 No. 350-VI (APPK), the specialized interdistrict administrative court of the city of Nur-Sultan considers claims of investors referred to in part 1-2 of Article 27 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (CPC) on appealing administrative acts, administrative actions (inaction) of administrative bodies , officials.
From July 1, 2021, in accordance with paragraph 1-2 of Article 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the specialized interdistrict economic court of the city of Nur-Sultan is considering civil cases in investment disputes, except for cases within the jurisdiction of the specialized interdistrict administrative court of the city of Nur-Sultan, as well as claims of state bodies against investors associated with the investor's investment activities, with the participation of:
1) a foreign legal entity (its branch, representative office) carrying out entrepreneurial activity in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
2) a legal entity created with foreign participation in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, fifty or more percent of voting shares (stakes in the authorized capital) of which belong to a foreign investor;
3) investors in the presence of a concluded contract with the state for investment.
In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 29, 2020 No. 351-VI "On Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Administrative Procedural Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan" RK considered disputes of large investors as the first instance. Now all disputes over investment contracts and other agreements between the state and the investor will be considered in the administrative court, if it concerns actions, omissions, administrative acts and actions.
Other disputes arising from legal relations with the participation of the investor, not related to investment activities, as well as disputes with the participation of the investor, subject to consideration in simplified proceedings, are subject to the jurisdiction of the district (city) and equivalent courts in accordance with the jurisdiction established by Chapter 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Judicial chambers for administrative cases have been established in the Supreme Court and regional courts. K.S. was appointed Chairman of the Judicial Collegium for Administrative Cases of the Supreme Court. Musin.
By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 26, 2021, No. 500, specialized interdistrict administrative courts were created.
The Law "On Arbitration" was adopted on April 8, 2016. The Law provides for bringing the norms of legislation in the field of arbitration in accordance with the international obligations of Kazakhstan, in particular, with the New York Convention "On the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards" of 1958, European Convention "On Foreign Trade Arbitration" 1961.
Prior to the adoption of the Law, there were two forms of out-of-court settlement of disputes arising from civil legal relations, which were carried out by international arbitration tribunals and courts of arbitration. The activities of international arbitration were regulated by the law on international arbitration, and the arbitration court - by the law on arbitration courts.
The main changes and innovations in the Arbitration Law include the following:
- the concepts of "arbitration court" and "arbitration court" are combined
- established additional requirements for the form and content of the arbitration agreement
- the right to withdraw from the arbitration agreement is provided
- the grounds for canceling the arbitral award were supplemented
- the creation and functioning of the Arbitration Chamber of Kazakhstan is regulated - a non-profit organization, which is an association of permanent arbitration tribunals, arbitrators, created in order to provide favorable conditions for the implementation, stimulation and support of the activities of arbitration tribunals in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Arbitration proceedings are carried out in compliance with the principles of autonomy of the will of the parties, legality, independence, competition and equality of the parties, fairness and confidentiality.
Also, one of the principles of arbitration proceedings is the autonomy of the arbitration agreement, which means that the cancellation, amendment or invalidation of the arbitration clause does not lead to the termination, modification or invalidation of the main agreement. Accordingly, cancellation, modification or invalidation of the underlying agreement does not result in the termination, modification or invalidation of the arbitration clause.
Disputes arising from civil law relations between individuals and (or) legal entities may be referred to arbitration by agreement of the parties.
Arbitration is not entitled to consider disputes between individuals and (or) legal entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on the one hand, and state bodies, state enterprises, as well as legal entities, fifty or more percent of voting shares (stakes in the authorized capital) of which directly or indirectly belong to the state, on the other, in the absence of the consent of the authorized body of the relevant industry (in relation to republican property) or a local executive body (in relation to communal property).
In accordance with the Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter referred to as the Code), the entire land fund of the country is divided into 7 following categories according to their intended purpose:
- agricultural land;
- lands of settlements (cities, towns and rural settlements);
- land for industry, transport, communications, for the needs of space activities, defense, national security and other non-agricultural purposes;
- lands of specially protected natural areas, lands of health-improving, recreational, historical and cultural purposes;
- land of the forest fund;
- water fund lands;
- reserve land.
The use of the land plot must correspond to its intended purpose. The legal regime of land is determined on the basis of their belonging to a particular category and the permitted use in accordance with the zoning of land (territory).
The assignment of lands to the specified categories, as well as the transfer of lands from one category to another in connection with a change in their intended purpose, are carried out by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, local executive bodies of regions, cities of republican significance, the capital, districts, cities of regional significance, within their competence according to ; provision and withdrawal of land plots, including for state needs, established by law.
Land in the Republic of Kazakhstan is in state ownership. Land plots may also be in private ownership on the grounds, conditions and within the limits established by law.
Article 20 of the Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan establishes that the Republic of Kazakhstan recognizes and equally protects state and private ownership of land.
Subjects of ownership:
- subject of state property rights to land on the territory of the Republic - the Republic of Kazakhstan;
- subject of private ownership of land on the grounds, conditions and within the limits established by the Code - citizens and non-state legal entities. At the same time, citizens are understood as citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, foreigners and stateless persons, unless otherwise provided by law.
State-owned land plots may be provided for private ownership by citizens and non-state legal entities, with the exception of land plots that, in accordance with the Code, cannot be privately owned.
Land plots located in the border strip of the State Border of the Republic of Kazakhstan are not provided for private ownership and temporary land use.
It is allowed to use agricultural land located within the border strip of the State Border of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the population for grazing farm animals of a personal farmstead and haying without the right to erect any buildings (structures, structures).
Privately owned by citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan there may be land plots for running a peasant or farm enterprise, personal subsidiary plots, afforestation, gardening, individual housing and summer cottage construction, as well as provided (provided) for development or built up with industrial and non-industrial, including residential, buildings (structures, structures) and their complexes, including lands intended for the maintenance of buildings (structures, structures) in accordance with their purpose.
Upon termination of the citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan from a person who is the owner of a land plot provided for running a peasant or farm enterprise, personal subsidiary farming, afforestation, gardening and summer cottage construction, from the citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the right of ownership is subject to alienation or re-registration in accordance with the norms of Article 66 of the Land Code.
Private property of non-state legal entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan may include land provided (provided) for agricultural production, afforestation, for development or built up with industrial and non-industrial, including residential, buildings (structures, structures) and their complexes, including lands intended for the maintenance of buildings (structures, structures) in accordance and with their purpose.